Richard Kozarek  Todd Baron
Ho-Young Song
Editors

2013

Historically, nonsurgical reconstitution of the gut lumen was limited to the placement of rigid tubes in unresectable esophageal cancer. Initially fashioned out of boxwood or ivory, they were fi xed into place by suture tied to a handlebar mustache or looped around the ears. Later they were fashioned out of a compound used by British dentist, Charles T. Stent (1807–1885), who initially developed it to create dental impressions.