Edited by
Michael Grasso
David S. Goldfarb

2014

Medical and Surgical Management

The natural history of urinary calculi reflects a spectrum of clinical presentations, some with a benign course but many others with the potential for severe and often catastrophic outcomes. Urinary calculi frequently are the sequelae of major underlying metabolic disorders, which if left untreated are regularly associated with recurrent stone events with the ultimate potential for renal parenchymal loss.