Irving M. Shapiro • Makarand V. Risbud
Editors

2014

Molecular and Structural Studies
of the Disc in Health and Disease

Current understandings of the biology of the intervertebral disc is predicated on comprehension of the processes of aging in the human body. Its generalized nature has often led to flawed surgical strategies with focal attention on what is now understood to be a widespread and universal process throughout the spine. The global nature of aging and degenerative changes of the spine has led to an epidemic of disease and disability affecting primarily the aged.