Stefan Rammelt, Michael Swords, Mandeep S Dhillon, Andrew K Sands

2019

The human foot is a unique and delicate structure. Phylogenetically, it is the youngest part of our locomotor system and can be affected by atavistic traits. The ankle cannot be separated from the foot as it is instrumental in converting the vertical forces from the leg to the horizontal or uneven ground for standing, walking, running, and jumping. It is evident, that even slight deviations from the physiological axial alignment and any step-off in a weight bearing joint will potentially have serious consequences for the affected patient.